Is the use of non-selective beta-blockers necessary in cirrhotic patients with small varices?

Non-selective β-blockers (NSBBs) could eff ectively prevent the development of fi rst variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with medium/large varices. However, as recently reviewed by Giannelli et al [1], the clinical benefi t of NSBBs remains controversial in cirrhotic patients with small varices. In line with their considerations, we would like to further comment on the controversy. A previous meta-analysis demonstrated that the incidence of fi rst variceal bleeding was not diff erent between patients with small varices who received NSBBs and those who did not [2]. On the other hand, two randomized controlled trials (RCT) demonstrated that NSBBs could not prevent the development of large varices in patients with small varices. In a previous study by Cales et al, the NSBB group had a higher proportion of development of large varices than the placebo group (52/60 versus 30/67, P<0.0001, Chi-square test) [3]. In a recent study by Sarin et al, the cumulative incidence of growth of varices was similar between NSBB and placebo groups (11% versus 16%, P=0.786, log-rank test) [4]. By contrast, another RCT by Merkel et al achieved a positive result, suggesting that the cumulative risk of growth of varices was signifi cantly lower in the NSBB group than in the placebo group (20% versus 51%, P<0.001, logrank test) [5]. But it should be noted that NSBB did not improve the survival and increase the rate of adverse events. Taken together, we should acknowledge the inconsistency of evidence regarding the benefi t of NSBBs for the management of small varices in liver cirrhosis. Additionally, given the potential drug-related adverse events, the use of NSBBs might be unnecessary in such patients.